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The same situation could also arise if the installation of a wastewater treatment facility was proposed in a densely populated residential area, and there are many such examples. For example, an engineering and meteorological assessment may show a specific location would be ideal for the establishment of a wind-farm, but local farmers and residents working and living in the area, as well as environmental biologists, could be less than enamored with the choice. This should not be too surprising as governments must take socioeconomic and other factors into account.

It also needs to be emphasized that political decisions, even when heavily contingent on technical or scientific advice, are not always in harmony with the counsel they receive. C., Jr., Medical Definition of Hippocratic Oath(2018), available at ) of the medical profession, their codes and oaths are not so well-known outside of their professions.

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Formally certified and registered engineers, technologists, and scientists will be aware of the societal responsibilities and professional codes of conduct required of accredited professionals (e.g., Professional Engineers of Ontario, 2019 Professional Engineers of Ontario, Code of Ethics(2019), available at ), but unlike the Hippocratic Oath ( Shiel, 2018 Shiel, W.

Those who have studied or who research certain aspects of engineering, such as wastewater treatment, sanitation, and combustion, or the atmospheric and ocean sciences, including water chemistry and meteorology, will be familiar with parts of the subject matter. This chapter was written primarily, but not exclusively, for a post-secondary level readership with some understanding of the fundamentals of engineering, technology, science, and professional responsibility. How then can there be a scarcity of water and how can a quite unreactive gas cause air pollution? Are humans solely responsible for unsafe water and harmful air? These are simple questions, but the answers are not they are complex and often disputed. These profound issues seldom receive the same level of attention as topics such as anthropogenic climate change forecasts, water scarcity, and carbon dioxide pollution, albeit students are taught that the global amount of water is inviolate, and that carbon dioxide is a non-contaminating, colorless, odorless, and incombustible gas. Indeed, almost one-third of the global population does not have access to safe drinking water and over 90% live in areas that do not meet the air quality guidelines stipulated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Is this important? Yes despite palpable improvements in water and air quality over the last three decades, estimates suggest that at least 7 million people die prematurely, annually, because of polluted air and contaminated water at least four times more than the number of lives lost to COVID-19 in 2020, the first year of the global pandemic.

This chapter provides insights into the historical context for the eventual development of, and the recognized need for, clean water and clean air regulations, together with an appreciation of some of the technical challenges and political hesitancy that have been encountered in arriving at the modern regulations. Even with access to these commodities, if they are contaminated then humans will suffer health problems. Humans can survive a few minutes without access to air, a few days without water, and a few weeks without food.